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classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom.〔(''Modern Political Philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38 )〕〔M. O. Dickerson et al., ''An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach'' (2009) p. 129〕
Classical liberalism developed in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the 18th century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization.〔Hamowy, p. xxix〕 Notable individuals whose ideas have contributed to classical liberalism include John Locke,〔Steven M. Dworetz, ''The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution'' (1994)〕 Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on the economics of Adam Smith and on a belief in natural law,〔Joyce Appleby, ''Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination'' (1992) p. 58〕 utilitarianism,〔Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, ''Handbook of Political Theory'' (2004) p. 422〕 and progress.〔Hunt, p. 54〕
==Meaning of the term==
The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer social liberalism.〔Richardson, p. 52〕 The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of liberalism before the 20th century, and some conservatives and libertarians use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of individual freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.〔("What Is Classical Liberalism?" ) is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.〕〔("An American Classical Liberalism" ) is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.〕〔("Guide to Classical Liberal Scholarship", Introduction ) defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.〕
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